Jonathan Edwards

Jonathan Edwards (b. 1703–d. 1758) was a pastor, educator, missionary, theologian, and philosopher, born in East Windsor, Connecticut, who ministered in Northampton, Massachusetts. Edwards oversaw two periods of “awakening,” or widespread religious concern, and became known internationally as a supporter and observer of the revivals. It was in 1741, during the series of revivals known as the “Great Awakening,” that he preached the sermon for which he has earned fame, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. He produced a number of important analyses of the movement, including Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God (1741), Some Thoughts Concerning the Revival (1743), A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (1746), and An Humble Attempt to Promote Explicit Agreement and Visible Union of God’s People in Extraordinary Prayer (1747), as well as The Life of David Brainerd (1749), a life of the zealous young missionary who died of tuberculosis in Edwards’s home. Despite his fame, he and his congregation were increasingly alienated, and he was dismissed in 1750 over a disagreement concerning the qualifications for church admission. From there he assumed the post as missionary to the Mahicans (or Mohicans) and Mohawks at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where he also wrote the treatises that secured his reputation as one of the most significant philosophical theologians of his time, Freedom on Will (1754), The End for Which God Created the World and The Nature of True Virtue (completed 1753–1754, published 1765), and Original Sin (1758). Edwards is considered the most original and influential Protestant theologian to come from America, as well as one of its most important figures in the history of religion, and his legacy around the globe is profound. Even so, his slave-owning, his defense of slavery as a biblically ordained institution, and his part in the dispossession of Native Americans are causing reappraisals. The titles listed in this article provide an entrée into the vast literature on Edwards, especially the more recent literature. Titles are grouped under headings, though readers should be aware that many works address different topics and disciplines.