Geomorphic hazards of torrential floods in Wadi Abu-Hasah El-Bahari and their impact on The Royal Tomb of Akhenaten, Minia Governorate, Upper Egypt

Abstract Wadi Abu-Hasah El-Bahari is located in the Minia Governorate, Upper Egypt, around 60 km south of Minia city. Geomorphologists, archaeologists, and anyone concerned with preserving Egypt's pharaonic heritage are particularly interested in this valley because it exposes this beautiful Royal Tomb of Akhenaten to the hazards of frequent torrential floods. Given the design of the tomb's construction and the potential for subsequent flooding, weathering processes and soil erosion pose significant hazards for the tomb. The objective of this paper is to define the effects and causes of geomorphological hazards caused by floods on the Wadi Abu-Hasah El-Bahari basin and the royal tomb of Akhenaten. To do this, we will use satellite images, do a lot of fieldwork in the valley, and use runoff analysis, which includes a number of morphometric parameters and valley flood analysis models, to find possible dangers from heavy floods in the valley basin and around the royal tomb. The study shows that the tomb's location at the same level as the bottom of the valley stream makes it particularly vulnerable to damage from debris torrent processes stemming from flood events in the Wadi. The result is that past sediment accumulations in various channels along the Wadi have become mobilized during these periods of flooding and now pose a risk to Tomb Conservation through post-flooding debris deposition.