Woody Species Composition, Structure, and Status of Regeneration in Pugnido Forest, Gambella Region, Western Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a biodiversity hotspot area with a high concentration of plant species that play countless roles in ecosystem resilience and mitigating the effects of climate change. However, forest resources are degrading at an alarming rate due to different anthropogenic factors. Pugnido Forest, which is among Ethiopia’s greatest woodland sections, also faced a similar challenge. Thus, this study was intended to assess the composition, structure, and regeneration status of woody plant species in Pugnido Forest, West Ethiopia. Eighty main plots sized 20 × 20 m were sampled systematically on six east-west-oriented line transects, which are parallel to each other and 500 m apart. At the four corners and the center of the main plots, five subplots sized 2 m × 2 m were laid to collect seedling and sapling information. Individual woody species were identified and then recorded per plot. The forest structure and regeneration status data were recorded and analyzed using structural parameters. Communities were identified via cluster analysis. A comparison of diversity and composition among communities was made using the Shannon–Wiener diversity and Sorensen’s similarity coefficients, respectively. A total of 106 woody species included in 40 families were documented. Fabaceae stands first in the species-rich family (23.6%), and Moraceae stands second (8.5%). Overall Shannon–Wiener diversity and evenness of species were 4.41 and 0.93, respectively. Four communities were generated from cluster analysis. Sorensen’s similarity value among communities ranged from 42% to 59%. The forest’s density and basal area were 5298.8 stems·ha−1 and 82.5 m2·ha−1, respectively. The trend in frequency and density classes showed a decreasing number of species towards higher classes. Diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and basal area analyses revealed a normal J-shaped pattern. Several species had a smaller importance value index (IVI) value. Density ratios of juveniles to adult plants indicated good regeneration status. Species with small IVI values and few or no seedlings require conservation priority. Top priority must be given to conserving species with low IVI values and few or no seedlings.