Breast-Related Adverse Effects in Patients Using Antipsychotic Agents

Introduction: Antipsychotic medications are essential in managing various psychiatric disorders. However, their use is associated with several adverse effects, notably those affecting breast tissue. These include gynecomastia, galactorrhea, and potential links to breast cancer. Understanding these adverse effects is crucial for clinicians to provide comprehensive care. Objective: This narrative review aims to elucidate the breast-related adverse effects associated with antipsychotic agents, focusing on their incidence, underlying mechanisms, and clinical implications. Secondary objectives include discussing risk factors, management strategies, and areas requiring further research. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed articles published in English within the last five years, focusing on breast-related adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. Studies involving both male and female populations were considered. Results and Discussion: Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia is a primary contributor to breast-related adverse effects. Elevated prolactin levels can lead to gynecomastia and galactorrhea. The risk varies among antipsychotic agents, with first-generation antipsychotics and certain second-generation agents like risperidone exhibiting higher propensities to elevate prolactin levels. Additionally, recent studies have explored the association between antipsychotic use and increased breast cancer risk, though findings remain inconclusive. Management strategies involve regular monitoring of prolactin levels, considering alternative medications with lower prolactin-elevating potential, and addressing symptoms as they arise. Conclusion: Breast-related adverse effects are significant considerations in the pharmacological management of psychiatric disorders with antipsychotic agents. Clinicians must remain vigilant, tailoring treatment plans to mitigate these risks and ensuring patient education on potential side effects.