Determinants of coopetition through data sharing in Maas

Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) schemes combining information about and access to multiple means of transportation through a single electronic interface require transportation operators sharing data. In doing so, they coopete: they compete over rides while they collaborate to build a service that can bring them all more rides. Building on microeconomic theory and the experiences of the existing MaaS schemes, we show that, although every operator has incentives to share data if a critical mass of coopetitors do, the coopetitive dynamics of data sharing can lead to multiple mixes of operators. In some mixes, certain operators will not decide not to participate.