Xihuang Pill Induces Apoptosis of Human Glioblastoma U‐87 MG Cells via Targeting ROS‐Mediated Akt/mTOR/FOXO1 Pathway

Xihuang pill (XHP), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has long been used as an effective agent against multiple tumors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of XHP on the growth inhibition and apoptosis in glioblastoma U‐87 MG cells. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was performed for constituent analysis of XHP. Cell viability, cell cycle arrest, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis were measured by CCK‐8 assay, PI/RNase staining, DCFH‐DA assay, TUNEL assay, Annexin V‐FITC/PI double staining, and JC‐1 assay, respectively. The role of XHP in the regulation of Akt/mTOR/FOXO1 interaction was clarified by using Western Blotting (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), pharmacological inhibitor or antioxidant, and siRNA silencing. The results suggested that XHP could inhibit U‐87 MG cells growth and arrest cells in S‐phase cell cycle significantly and that the generation of ROS, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, enhancement of Bax/Bcl‐xL ratio, and reduction of the precursor forms of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 caused by XHP prompted that a ROS‐mediated mitochondria‐dependent apoptosis was possibly involved. Furthermore, XHP affected the Akt/mTOR/FOXO1 pathway via inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and FOXO1 and increasing both prototype and nuclear translocation of FOXO1. Inhibition of Akt, mTOR, and FOXO1 by specific inhibitors or siRNA could interpose the apoptotic induction. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that XHP may regulate glioblastoma U‐87 MG cell apoptosis via ROS‐mediated Akt/mTOR/FOXO1 pathway.