Abnormal Puberty and Amenorrhea: A Review

Puberty marks the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive capacity, with normal onset ranging from age 8 to 13 years in female children. Precocious puberty (ie, the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 years in female children) can result from central or peripheral mechanisms, requiring tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Delayed puberty (ie, the absence of sexual development beyond expected age ranges) often stems from primary or secondary hypogonadism. Amenorrhea (ie, the absence of menses) can be primary or secondary, with causes ranging from genetic abnormalities to hormonal imbalances. This review explores the epidemiology, causes, clinical assessments, and management strategies for precocious and delayed puberty, as well as primary and secondary amenorrhea, emphasizing the importance of individualized care to optimize growth, development, and psychosocial outcomes.