HLA Genetic Diversity and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Effect of Heterozygosity Advantage

This research aims to determine whether HLA heterozygosity confers a protective effect against hepatitis B virus infection by analyzing the relationship between HLA diversity and the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A total of 327 hepatitis B patients were selected and categorized based on their clinical status: 284 patients with chronic HBV infection and 43 patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC). The control group included 304 healthy individuals. HLA genotyping for 11 loci, including HLA class I and class II, was conducted using next-generation sequencing. The results of this study indicate a statistically significant negative correlation between HLA class II heterozygosity and the risk of HBV infection. Specifically, heterozygosity in HLA-DQB1 (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.31–0.76, p = 0.01277) and HLA-DRB1 (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24–0.77, p = 0.01855) were significantly associated with protection. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the effect of HLA diversity among pathological subtypes (chronic hepatitis B and control group, liver cirrhosis and control group). For liver cirrhosis, compared with the control group, a decreased risk of LC was possibly associated with the heterozygosity of HLA class I locus B (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.09–0.65, p = 0.0591), but this hypothesis was not confirmed by other studies. The diversity of HLA, measured by HLA heterozygosity, was associated with a protective effect against HBV infection.