Solid-state nanopores and nanochannels for the detection of biomolecules

Solid-state nanopores and nanochannels are a powerful detection platform for biomolecule sensing. The confined space inside the nanopores and their ability to be functionalized make these materials a uniquely advantageous detection method. Solid-state nanopores avoid the intrinsic fragility of biological nanopores and have excellent robustness and manufacturability. Improvements to the sensitivity, selectivity, controllability, and reproducibility of solid-state nanopores for detection are current areas of growth for the field. This review presents the state-of-the-art technology for solid-state nanopores and nanochannels. Fabrication protocols of various types of nanopores and nanochannels are described, including silicon nitride-based pores, polymer nanochannels, and glass nanopipettes. Moreover, we discuss the strategies for appending and functionalization that confer advanced physical and chemical properties to the solid-state nanopores. Finally, the applications and future potential for solid-state nanopores are presented, including the detection of DNA, drugs, proteins, and viruses.