The Falls of Saint Anthony

Between 1830 and 1836 the painter George Catlin followed the trail of Meriwetther Lewis and William Clark’s mythical expedition along the Mississippi, becoming the first artist to travel the Far West. Unlike the explorers and adventurers, who sought virgin lands in which to realise new dreams and ideals, Catlin was guided by his fascination with the American Indians, making many sketches of the various native tribes and their vast prairies. As the anthropologist Washington Matthews stated in a lecture, Catlin’s work has shed light on what these distant lands were like before they were contaminated by the civilised world: “Here are the Falls of St Anthony, as they roared to an untenanted solitude in the year 1835, when George Catlin visited and sketched them.Who would recognise the identity between that fair wild scene and the Falls of St Anthony of today?” This set of works, brought together in his famous Indian Gallery, which was exhibited in several American and European cities, became an indispensable source of inspiration for later artists and established an image of the West that still lives on in the collective memory. However, when George Catlin returned to the United States in October 1871, almost at the end of his life, and again showed his cartoons in New York, they met with scant success. During his thirty-two-year absence things had changed so considerably that Indian themes no longer aroused any interest. The artist received only occasional commissions to make replicas of certain paintings such as The Falls of Saint Anthony in the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza. According to William H. Truettner, a scholar of his work, Catlin had made his first sketch of this spot during his stay at Fort Snelling in summer 1835, while crossing the Mississippi in a canoe, and would repeat this theme in at least four subsequent versions. The oldest work, which belongs to the Paul Mellon collection, depicts the falls without figures. In the Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza painting the artist adds an Indian and his wife carrying the fish they have just caught and in the later version he shows the expedition of Father Louis Hennepin, the first white man to set foot on these distant lands in 1680. Catlin’s artistic style remained faithful to the anthropological realism of the first American portraitists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and his attitude to these impressive falls therefore differs substantially from that of Albert Bierstadt. Whereas the latter produces a dramatised, exaggerated and romantic view of the falls, Catlin views the scene with the objectivity of a reportage that is also consonant with the detailed tone of his writings: “Although a picturesque and spirited scene, ” noted the artist in 1841, it “is but a pigmy in size to Niagara, and other cataracts in our country — the actual perpendicular fall being but eighteen feet, though half a mile or so in extent, which is the width of the river; with brisk and leaping rapids above and below, giving life and spirit to the scene.” To emphasise this vastness, the painter uses a distant viewpoint that allows him to provide a more panoramic view of what he considered a genuine example of the charms of the West. The work’s first owner, Adele Gratiot (1826‒1887), from Galena, was the daughter of Catlin’s friend Henry Gratiot, a lead miner who became an agent of the Indian tribes of Winnebago. Her husband, the US congressman for Galena and advisor to Abraham Lincoln, Elihu B.Washburne, was an art collector. Paloma Alarcó