Cross in the Wilderness

In the United States the dissemination of the writings of the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt in the mid-nineteenth century aroused a growing interest in South America, to which the indefatigable adventurer Frederic Church travelled on two occasions. At the end of 1856 and during the first months of 1857, Church set about organising his second expedition to these remote lands while painting a series of pictures on tropical themes, including the South American Landscape in the Carmen Thyssen collection and Cross in the Wilderness belonging to the Museum’s permanent collection, executed a year later.Whereas in South American Landscape the foreground is occupied by dense vegetation and the Andean snowcovered tips of the Illiniza volcanoes — Cayambe and Cotopaxi — loom just behind it on a fairly close plane, here the peaks can only be made out in the distance and there is hardly any sign of vegetation. In the foreground we find a dark rocky formation to the right of the landscape where a cascade falls into a pool similar to the one on the right side of South American Landscape. What is more, the presence in both paintings of a church perched high up the mountain and a cross in the foreground appears to hint at a Christian symbolism which, in the case of Cross in the Wilderness, suggests an allusion to death. Throughout his career Church had painted a few landscapes featuring crosses to commemorate deaths, such as To the Memory of Cole, executed in 1848, which depicts a cross adorned with a garland of flowers amid desolate scenery, and the two small pictures he painted in 1865 when his two young children died of diphtheria. The artist may have produced Cross in the Wilderness in memory of a deceased child of the Brown family, who commissioned the painting. Katherine Manthorne draws an evocative comparison between this work and Nicolas Poussin’s handling of the theme of death in Arcadia in his work Et in Arcadia Ego, considering that, like Poussin, “Church was fascinated by the notion that his Arcadia [...] — the source of the creation and renewal of nature — was also the site of destruction and death.” Katherine Manthorne also relates this cross to the “paraderos de los difuntos” that were commonly found in the Andes and mentioned by the writer Edmond Reuel Smith in the chronicle of his journey: “Along the roadside we passed many small crosses... On questioning my guide, he informed me that the places so designated were ‘paraderos de los difuntos’ (halting places of the dead). In rural districts, where population is sparse, the parishes are large: the churches are distant from each other, and as the burial-places are always near the parish church, it often becomes necessary to carry the dead a journey of one or two days [...]. On such journeys, wherever the pallbearers stop to rest, they deposit the corpse by the roadside, plant a rude cross of twigs, and repeat a few prayers for the rest of the departed.” Paloma Alarcó