Nanobiotechnology-driven innovations for tackling antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health crisis, challenging the efficacy of conventional antibiotics and necessitating novel approaches to infection management. This review explores the transformative role of nanobiotechnology in addressing AMR by leveraging the unique properties of nanomaterials for diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine development. Nanoparticles exhibit diverse mechanisms of action, including biofilm penetration, targeted drug delivery, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, providing a multi-faceted approach to combating resistant pathogens. Innovations such as metallic nanoparticles, nanozymes, and lipid-based nanocarriers demonstrate significant potential in disrupting resistance mechanisms, enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobials, and reducing the likelihood of resistance development. Additionally, this review examines the integration of advanced methodologies like CRISPR-based gene editing and artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize nanoparticle design and function. Emerging applications in resource-limited settings highlight the scalability and accessibility of nanobiotechnological solutions, addressing healthcare disparities in regions disproportionately affected by AMR. However, challenges such as nanoparticle toxicity, environmental impact, and regulatory barriers underscore the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the safe and ethical deployment of these technologies. By synthesizing current advancements and addressing the barriers to clinical translation, this review underscores the transformative potential of nanobiotechnology in revolutionizing AMR management and safeguarding global health. Continued innovation and multidisciplinary cooperation will be critical to harnessing the full potential of nanobiotechnology in the fight against resistant infections.