Protein S ‐nitrosylation: roles for nitric oxide signaling in the regulation of stress‐dependent phytohormones

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is integral to modulating a wide array of physiological processes in plants, chiefly through its interactions with phytohormones. This review explores the complex dynamics between NO with four principal phytohormones: abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), auxin, and jasmonic acid (JA). The primary focus is on NO‐mediated reversible redox‐based modifications with a specific emphasis on S ‐nitrosylation. The impact of NO‐induced S‐ nitrosylation is profound as it regulates crucial proteins involved in hormone signaling pathways, thereby influencing their synthesis, stability, and functional activity. The review elucidates how NO‐mediated S ‐nitrosylation orchestrates the activities of ABA, SA, auxin, and JA under varying stress conditions and developmental stages. By modulating these phytohormones, NO effectively directs plant responses to a spectrum of biotic and abiotic stresses. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on highlights the essential role of NO in the regulation of hormonal networks and provides a comprehensive understanding of how S ‐nitrosylation facilitates plant adaptation and enhances stress resilience.