ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS - AS SAFE AS THEY SEEM? IMPACTS ON GUT MICROBIOTA, METABOLISM, INFLAMMATION, CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND SPORTS PERFORMANCE - A LITERATURE REVIEW

For a considerable length of time, artificial sweeteners have been seen as safe dietary ingredients, promoting weight control and regulating blood sugar levels. However, a growing number of scientific studies are questioning their supposed biological neutrality. Current analyses suggest that some of these substances may affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota, which in turn may affect the immune system and play a role in the development of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. There is growing evidence of a potential link between long-term intake of artificial sweeteners and the onset of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In addition, it has been noted that frequent consumption of artificially sweetened beverages may be associated with an increased risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease and higher overall mortality, especially among overweight or obese postmenopausal women. These substances are commonly used in protein supplements, energy drinks and sports supplements, which may also affect important post-exercise recovery processes - including inflammation, insulin regulation, gut function and hydration status. These observations highlight the need for further interdisciplinary research into the long-term effects of artificial sweeteners on metabolic health and overall body function, especially in groups with high levels of consumption, such as people with metabolic syndrome and patients with type 2 diabetes.