Phased Array Antennas: Advancements and Applications

Phased array antennas provide the ability to electronically steer a beam, eliminating the need for mechanical adjustments [1]. While traditionally used in military applications, there is growing interest in their adoption across various fields [1,2]. Conformal antennas, a type of phased array, are designed for installation on curved or non-flat surfaces, enabling focused radio wave radiation [1,2]. These antennas can be integrated into various applications, including aerospace, wearable technology, vehicles, and modern mobile devices [2], while also reducing traditional antenna height to support the integration and coexistence of multiple radio technologies within a compact area [1,2]. Planar arrays, composed of elements with phase shifters in a matrix, are compact and cost-effective due to mass production via printed circuit technology [1–3]. These antennas, when mounted on rigid surfaces, exhibit robustness, provide beam deflection in two planes, and offer high gain with rapid beam-switching capabilities [1,3]. However, planar antennas can experience interference between feed lines and elements, often supporting narrow bandwidths and exhibiting relatively low radiation efficiency [1,3]. Conformal antennas, which are easily mounted on curved surfaces, are particularly suited for wearable applications, spacesuits, and aerospace designs [1,2,4]. By minimizing connection length, they bring electronics closer to the antenna elements, reducing signal loss while enhancing transmission power and receiver sensitivity, especially at higher frequencies [4]. Research into 3Dprinted conformal antennas has emerged as a significant field of study [1,5]. This paper presents the mathematical analysis of both planar and conformal antennas, covering key parameters such as gain, bandwidth, radiation efficiency, and mutual coupling for planar arrays, as well as the width and length calculations for rectangular microstrip patch antennas used in conformal designs [2,6–8]. Furthermore, the role of additive manufacturing in antenna development is highlighted, emphasizing its ability to produce antennas with complex geometries thereby revolutionizing conformal antenna design [1,9].