Molecular characterization for identifying the evolutionary lineage of Indonesia strawberry (Fragaria spp.) using DNA barcode markers: A review and current research on breeding strategies

Fragaria spp. (Strawberry) is one of the most popular plant species, with a high economic and nutritional value. It also plays a key role in evolutionary biology, particularly due to its widespread cultivation in Indonesia, where diverse cultivars are imported from abroad. Understanding the evolutionary paths of these cultivars is essential for grasping their genetic diversity. This review aims to explore the evolutionary dynamics of strawberry species found in Indonesia using a DNA barcoding approach. DNA barcoding is a powerful tool for uncovering the complex evolutionary histories of species and revealing their phylogenetic relationships. In this comprehensive review, we discuss various cultivated strawberry species present in Indonesia and examine the evolutionary forces that have driven their diversification. By analyzing genetic evidence, we seek a deeper understanding of the evolutionary processes behind these cultivars. However, challenges remain, particularly for Fragaria species, which face increasingly threats from the introduction and spread of “alien species”. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach, that combines evolutionary biology principles with conservation strategies to protect native biodiversity while maximizing agricultural productivity. By enhancing our understanding of the evolutionary patterns and genetic evidence associated with cultivated strawberries in Indonesia, this review not only advances scientific knowledge but also provides a comparative phylogenetic tree of strawberry species in Indonesia. This serves as a foundation for informed conservation and breeding efforts in the constantly changing agricultural landscape.