Plant Biochemistry in the Era of Omics: Integrated Omics Approaches to Unravel the Genetic Basis of Plant Stress Tolerance

ABSTRACT The challenge of feeding the world's growing population is impaired by declining arable land, water quality and erratic weather patterns due to climate change. Abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, salinity and cold disrupt plant growth, reducing crop yields and quality. Modern biotechnological tools including high‐throughput sequencing and bioinformatics have enabled the characterization of plant stress responses through advanced “omics” technologies. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and epigenomics describe molecular mechanisms underlying plant stress tolerance. Integrating multi‐omics approaches provides a deeper understanding of these mechanisms, addressing the limitations of single‐omics studies. The combination of multi‐omics data (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) identifies important biomarkers, regulatory networks and genetic targets that enhance plant stress resilience. This multi‐omics information regarding plants is crucial for genome‐assisted breeding (GAB) to improve crop traits and the development of climate‐resilient crops to withstand environmental challenges. Therefore, researchers use multi‐omics pipelines to enhance productive crops, quality and stress tolerance, solving global food security challenges caused by climate change and environmental stressors. This review discusses the role of omics technologies in describing the genetic mechanisms of plant stress responses and explores how this information is applied to enhance crop resilience and productivity, which leads to improved crops. The application of combining omics approaches to develop next‐generation crops that are capable of thriving under adverse environmental conditions, ensuring reliable and safe food supply for the future under stress conditions.