Myoinhibitory peptide regulates feeding in the marine annelidPlatynereis

AbstractBackgroundDuring larval settlement and metamorphosis, marine invertebrates undergo changes in habitat, morphology, behavior and physiology. This change between life-cycle stages is often associated with a change in diet or a transition between a non-feeding and a feeding form. How larvae regulate changes in feeding during this life cycle transition is not well understood. Neuropeptides are known to regulate several aspects of feeding, such as food search, ingestion and digestion. The marine annelidPlatynereis dumeriliihas a complex life cycle with a pelagic non-feeding larval stage and a benthic feeding postlarval stage, linked by the process of settlement. The conserved neuropeptide myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) is a key regulator of larval settlement behavior inPlatynereis. Whether MIP also regulates the initiation of feeding, another aspect of the pelagic-to-benthic transition inPlatynereis, is currently unknown.ResultsHere, we explore the contribution of MIP to feeding in settledPlatynereispostlarvae. We find that MIP is expressed in the gut of developing larvae in sensory neurons that densely innervate the foregut and hindgut. Activating MIP signaling by synthetic neuropeptide addition causes increased gut peristalsis and more frequent pharynx extensions leading to increased food intake. Conversely, morpholino-mediated knockdown of MIP expression inhibits feeding. In the long-term, treatment ofPlatynereispostlarvae with synthetic MIP increases growth rate and results in earlier cephalic metamorphosis.ConclusionsOur results show that MIP activates ingestion and digestion inPlatynereispostlarvae. MIP is expressed in sensory-neurosecretory cells of the digestive system indicating that following larval settlement, feeding is initiated by a direct sensory mechanism. This is similar to the mechanism by which MIP induces larval settlement. The pleiotropic roles of MIP may thus have evolved by redeploying the same signaling mechanism in different aspects of a life cycle transition.