Digitalization reshaping job autonomy?

Abstract In light of increasing digitalization, this article examines the relation between the use of digital technologies in the workplace and employees’ subjective perception of job autonomy. Job autonomy is considered a key work resource that allows employees to meet work demands and shows positive links to productivity, satisfaction, or creativity. Based on the BIBB/BAuA employment surveys of 2012, 2018, and 2024, the use and introduction of digital technologies are considered indicators of workplace digitalization. Job autonomy is measured using a composite index and four sub-dimensions (Task, Criteria, Scheduling, Working Time). Multiple linear regression analyses are used to estimate the effects of digital tools on the Autonomy Index. The regression analyses show that digital technologies are linked to job autonomy in various ways: video conferencing enhances all areas of job autonomy, while frequent computer use increases task-related freedom but limits flexibility in terms of work goals and time. Smartphones promote task- and method-associated autonomy but are associated with a loss of control over goals and working hours. Greater autonomy is positively linked to the perceived relief brought about by the introduction of new technologies. These results thus fit into existing research on the ambivalent relationship between digitalization and working conditions. Practical relevance: This article offers a nuanced view of the connection between job autonomy and the use of selected digital tools, providing valuable insights for companies and policymakers to develop strategies for creating humane working conditions in an increasingly digitized and intensified world of work. Flexible communication is proving to be a strong driver of job autonomy gains in all areas. The success of digital transformation does not lie in the mere introduction of new tools and gadgets, but in how they are experienced: if employees perceive them as a relief, autonomy is likely to increase. The study also provides important insights into potential stress factors resulting from a lack of autonomy in the workplace. The frequent use of computers and smartphones can limit job autonomy in certain areas. The results point to increased pressure to perform and greater external control. Occupational safety must therefore focus more on psychological and organizational factors beyond purely technical and ergonomic aspects.