Aqueous Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics and Saponins from Xao Tam Phan Plant Parts: Optimization and Comparison of Extraction Efficiency

Xao tam phan (XTP), a medicinal plant renowned for its health benefits, is rich in antioxidants such as saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. Although existing studies confirm that the presence of these beneficial phytochemicals in XTP, further research is essential to optimize their extraction yield. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), recognized for its sustainability and efficiency, presents a promising solution for maximizing these yields. This research uses UAE to optimize the extraction of beneficial phytochemicals from XTP roots, stems, and leaves. The study finds that the optimal extraction conditions vary depending on the specific plant part. For roots and stems, the highest yield was achieved using 220W ultrasonic power at 52°C for 8 min, resulting in a total phenolic content (TPC) of 7.56 and 7.83 mg GAE/g d.b., and total saponin content (TSC) of 116.24 and 117.84 mg EE/g d.b., respectively. In contrast, for leaves, using 200W ultrasonic power at 47°C for 8 min yielded higher TPC (11.60 mg GAE/g d.b.) and TSC (207.43 mg EE/g d.b.). Leaf extracts exhibited approximately double the TPC and TSC compared to other plant parts. These findings highlight the potential of XTP leaf extracts as a valuable resource for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.