Indigenous milk promoted the immunomodulatory effect via altering inflammatory markers and metabolites

Background: In the present study, breed wise (Indigenous, crossbred and exotic cows) difference for the development of tolerogenic immune system was investigated since it is not studied earlier in vivo . Aim: The present study is designed to find the milk with tolerogenic properties along with best physiological effects as an alternative to mother's milk for human neonates. Methods: Haematological analysis, gut permeability testing by in vivo permeability testing, cardiac status, gene and protein level expression of inflammatory markers by ELISA was studied. Results: A decrease in packed cell volume in Karan Swiss (KS), phagocytic activity in Sahiwal (SW), Gir (GIR) and Holstein Friesian (HF) and an increase in splenocyte proliferation in Tharparkar (TP) and HF group was found. Gut integrity was increased in SW, GIR, KS and HF group in 1 h study. A significant ( p  < 0.05) increase in serum HDL-cholesterol after milk treatment, but reduction in atherogenic index in Tharparkar (TP), GIR and HF group were observed. A significant ( p  < 0.05) increase in gut Defensin-1 in GIR and Karan Fries (KF), ZO-1 in GIR and Claudin-1 in KS was found. A tolerogenic immune response for inflammatory markers, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, IgG and IgA in SW group was also observed and hence, the SW milk appeared to promote a tolerogenic immune profile. Conclusions: Among different breeds, Sahiwal milk exhibited tolerogenic effect, analysed in terms of improvement in cardiac, metabolic and immunological health that may act as an alternative to the mother's milk in neonates, however, further human clinical studies are required.