Human Factors and Ergonomics

Abstract: Human Factors and Ergonomics presents a comprehensive interdisciplinary framework for understanding and applying the principles of human-centered design across cognitive, physical, and organizational systems. Building on theoretical constructs from psychology, engineering, systems science, and biomechanics, the book addresses the foundational question of how human capabilities and limitations can be systematically integrated into the design and evaluation of technology and environments. The core problem explored is the persistent misalignment between complex systems and the people who interact with them, which can result in performance inefficiencies, safety risks, and diminished user well-being. Methodologically, the book employs a multi-level analysis, encompassing microergonomic methods (e.g., task analysis, usability engineering), cognitive frameworks (e.g., workload modeling, decision-making theory), and macroergonomic strategies (e.g., sociotechnical systems design, organizational ergonomics). The results of this integrative approach are illustrated through case studies in sectors such as healthcare, aerospace, manufacturing, and digital product development. The findings suggest that applying ergonomics systematically leads to improved system performance, reduced error rates, greater user satisfaction, and enhanced occupational health. The book contributes to the broader discourse by aligning traditional ergonomic principles with emerging technologies such as AI, neuroergonomics, and wearable systems. Its implications span both theoretical advancement and practical implementation, offering researchers, designers, and policymakers a robust foundation for engineering sustainable, ethical, and high-performance human-system interactions. Keywords: human factors, ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics, physical ergonomics, macroergonomics, usability engineering, sociotechnical systems, human-system interaction, mental workload, decision-making, participatory design, human-computer interaction, neuroergonomics, occupational health, inclusive design, wearable technology, safety engineering, AI and ergonomics, user-centered design, interface design