Critical Review of Hydrogen Production via Seawater Electrolysis and Desalination: Evaluating Current Practices

Abstract The pursuit of sustainable and clean energy solutions has led to increased interest in hydrogen as an efficient energy carrier. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art technologies for hydrogen production through seawater electrolysis and desalination, addressing the critical need for clean energy generation and sustainable water supply. It emphasizes the importance of hydrogen as a versatile and environmentally friendly energy source, as well as the significance of seawater desalination in addressing water scarcity challenges. “The analysis encompasses a comparison of the three existing commercial electrolysis technologies”: solid oxide electrolysis (SOE), alkaline electrolyzers (AE), and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis. Factors such as energy requirements, capital and maintenance costs, and offshore suitability are considered, facilitating an informed evaluation of the most suitable electrolysis method for seawater hydrogen production. Additionally, three desalination technologies with commercial applications are under evaluation: reverse osmosis (RO), thermal desalination, and membrane desalination. The assessment takes into account investment and operation costs, energy demand, and environmental impact, providing insights into the feasibility and sustainability of integrating hydrogen production with seawater desalination. The findings reveal the energy, economic, and environmental aspects of hydrogen production via seawater electrolysis and desalination, shedding light on the synergies and challenges involved. The study concludes by summarizing the main results, identifying research gaps, and outlining future directions for further advancements in the field. This condensed review serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in understanding the complex interplay between hydrogen production, seawater electrolysis, and desalination. It provides a perspective on energy demands, environmental impact, and investment of various technologies, enabling informed decision-making toward a more sustainable and resilient energy–water nexus. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on hydrogen production and seawater desalination, offering insights that can inform strategic planning, policy development, and technological advancements in achieving a greener and more sustainable future.