TYPES OF TRANSPOSONS AND THEiR USAGE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Manure-derived antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a significant environmental concern, and understanding their dynamics in soil is crucial for effective management. This study examines both short- and long-term ARG accumulation in soil with a 40-year history of manure application. While initial manure introduction led to a spike in ARG abundance, resident soil bacteria eventually out-competed manure bacteria, resulting in ARG dissipation within a year. Over four decades of annual manure application, linear or exponential ARG accumulation occurred, with shifts in associated bacteria compared to short-term dynamics. Discontinuing manure application led to a decline in most ARG levels eleven years later, though they remained elevated. This systematic exploration of historical ARG accumulation provides insights into factors influencing their persistence in manure soil. Bacterial transposons, mobile genetic elements, play pivotal roles in biotechnology, facilitating precise gene manipulation for synthetic biology, genetic engineering, and industrial applications. These tools enable the development of microbial organisms with enhanced traits, impacting agriculture, environmental cleanup, and biofuel synthesis. In synthetic biology, bacterial transposons serve as gene delivery vehicles, allowing the creation of artificial circuits and pathways, revolutionizing pharmaceuticals, bio-derived chemicals, and other biological products. Additionally, they contribute to directed evolution studies, accelerating the discovery of new enzymes and the development of strains with desired traits. In medical biotechnology, bacterial transposons play crucial roles in gene therapy and therapeutic protein production, offering potential solutions for genetic abnormalities and diseases. The ongoing advancements in the biotechnological applications of bacterial transposons underscore their indispensability for diverse research and development efforts. Keywords: Transposons, Transposase, Insertion sequences, Antibiotic resistance, and Horizontal Gene Transfer.