Artemia, Probiotics, And Immunostimulant: Essential Elements For Optimal Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp Production

Aquaculture is a vital component of the global food supply chain. Crustacean farming, primarily focused on shrimp species, is a vital component of aquaculture. Currently, the annual production of shrimp is approximately five million metric tons, and it is expected to increase to meet the global demand. Feed is the single most crucial factor for culturing shrimp, accounting for more than half of the input cost. Several feeds, including algae, zooplankton, basal feed, plant-based feed, and small mollusks, have been used to feed the larvae and grow shrimp. However, Artemia/Brine shrimp is the most commonly used feed given to shrimp during their early stages. There is no commercial feed that can fully replace artemia, as it meets the nutritional requirements, has better digestibility, and is convenient to prepare. Similarly, an intensified shrimp farming system aimed at increasing production has rendered shrimp more vulnerable to pathogens and diseases. Antibiotics have been used in shrimp farming, but it has adverse effects in the long run. Hence, probiotics and immunostimulants have been used as feed to enhance the immunity and overall health of shrimp, thereby improving production. Probiotics are live organisms that improve the host’s health by modulating the gut microbiome. Immunostimulants, on the other hand, improve the immune system of shrimp by directly interacting with its innate immunity system. This paper discusses the benefits and functions of artemia, probiotics, and immunostimulants on shrimp health and overall production. All these food sources play a crucial role in shrimp growth and production when used effectively.