Impact of self-phase modulation on the operation of Fourier domain mode locked lasers

AbstractFourier domain mode locked (FDML) lasers are a class of frequency-swept lasers that are used to generate optical pulses with a wide sweep range, high repetition rate, and a low instantaneous bandwidth. They are commonly used in sensing and imaging applications, especially in optical coherence tomography. Ideally, the aspired features in the design of FDML lasers include a high coherence length, large sweep bandwidth, adjustable output power, and a high signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, the SNR of the output signal of FDML lasers is often lower than desired due to the presence of several irregularities in the output signal pattern, most notably because of the frequent occurrence of sharp power dips, also known as holes. These power dips originate due to the nonlinear gain dynamics of the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) that is employed in FDML lasers, while the occurrence frequency and strength of these dips are determined by the interaction of the FDML laser components, which involve the SOA, the tunable Fabry–Perot filter, and the optical delay fiber. Suppressing these power dips not only increases the output signal quality in terms of SNR, but also precludes the accumulation of phase offsets between subsequent roundtrips and facilitates convergence. As both current and future applications of FDML lasers are likely to require a higher signal power, in this paper, we are going to investigate the effect of self-phase modulation (SPM) in the optical fiber on dip formation and convergence. Since fiber nonlinearity, intracavity signal power, and fiber length all contribute to SPM, investigation of the effect of SPM on the formation of power-dips and operational convergence is critical. More importantly, the phase-mismatch that is caused by fiber-based SPM cannot be compensated easily in an FDML laser as in the case of chromatic dispersion, which necessitates a strategy for minimizing fiber-based SPM to ensure operational convergence and to secure a lower limit for the SNR of the output signal of FDML lasers.