Beyond the Screen: A Mixed-Methods Exploration for Guidelines on technical and psychological features of Effective Tele-Exercise Programs

Abstract Background: Tele-exercise has significant potential as a tool to promote physical activity, particularly for individuals facing barriers to accessing gyms or sports centres due to geographical, physical, or financial constraints. While tele-exercise derives from telemedicine, it remains a less defined field with no established guidelines to regulate or standardize its implementation. This gap highlights the need for structured frameworks to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and accessibility of tele-exercise. This study aimed to establish a consensus on some fundamental aspects of tele-exercise through a structured four-round process. Methods: This mixed-method approach combined analyses of scientific literature with experts’ opinions collected via focus groups and an ad hoc questionnaire. In detail, the paper focused on the following fundamental aspects: 1) operative definitions of tele-exercise, 2) fitness training programs design, 3) requirements for spaces and equipment, 4) safety protocols for remote exercise, 5) the role and impact of technology, 6) relational and communication strategies to enhance engagement, and 7) monitoring methods for asynchronous and synchronous training sessions. Results: The guidelines provide a comprehensive examination of these aspects, addressing current gaps and limitations while outlining opportunities for improvement. The study underscores the importance of developing standardized practices to ensure safe and effective implementation of tele-exercise. Conclusions: By addressing these challenges, tele-exercise can evolve into an inclusive, scalable tool for promoting physical activity, paving the way for broader access and participation in fitness activities.