Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Associated Organochlorine Resistance in Mosquito-Borne Diseases (Anopheles subpictus): Systematic Reviews Study

Abstract Introduction: Anopheles subpictus is one of the main vectors of malaria in East Asia, and Australia. One of the important obstacles to fighting against this vector is knockdown resistance, which prevents the effectiveness of insecticides. Based on this, the present study was conducted to survey the resistance of Anopheles subpictus against organochlorine insecticides in the world in a systematic review. Material and methods: This study was conducted in the field of knockdown resistance, and related mutations in Anopheles subpictusagainst organochlorine insecticides by systematic review method. In the international databases Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Bioone, ProQuest, and Embase, all articles published until the end of May 2023 were extracted, and reviewed. Results: Four articles on KDR in the Anopheles subpictuswere included in the systematic review process. Based on the findings, kdr in Anopheles subpictus was reported against organochlorine toxins in India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, but no resistance was observed in Mekong Delta. In this vector, the range of the kdr ratio was between 70 and 90%. Resistance to organochlorine pesticides was originally noted in India and then spread to Sri Lanka and Pakistan due to the L1014F mutation. Conclusions: Based on the findings, a lot of proportion of Anopheles subpictus has resistance to organochlorine insecticides and this resistance has spread to other areas where this vector operates. Hence, it is necessary to use combined insecticides to fight this vector.