Biological explanations for common myths, illustration

The image features structural molecular data related to illnesses that might have caused an appearance of different myths. The list of structures and colours in the clockwise order, starting from the top left corner: 1) Crystal structure of non-phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MAP2K6) (pink/grey). This protein has been linked with Hypertrichosis Terminalis, a condition causing excessive hair growth over the whole body, with the exception of palms and soles. This condition is also sometimes referred to as 'Werewolf Syndrome'. 2) Solution structure of the PPIase domain of human aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) (copper). Mutations on this gene result in abnormal cell growth and acromegaly, a condition in too much growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, resulting in abnormally tall height and large feet and hands. It is thought this is the basis of the mythical creature the giant. 3) A model for growth hormone receptor (GHR) (green). Growth hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, promotes growth and development. An insensitivity to this protein results in symptoms including a short stature, reduced muscle strength, short limbs and small hands and feet. Known as Laron syndrome, these features are the possible inspiration for Peter Pan. 4) Crystal structure of the Sonic Hedgehog-chondroitin-4-sulphate (SHH) (blue). It is thought that SHH is involved in the division of the eyefield during development. Mutation of SHH inhibits this process, resulting in a single eye (cyclopia). Cyclopia is a symptom of Alobar Holoprosencephaly, a severe developmental defect of the forebrain and midface. 5) The solution structure of the presequence of murine 5-aminolevulinate synthase (5-ALAS) (black). Genetic mutations leading to overproduction of 5-ALAS causes the accumulation of porphyrin in the skin. This chemical absorbs energy from sunlight, causing burning, itching and blistering of the skin (photosensitivity), and may be the biological basis for Nosferatu and vampires.