Impact of Aflatoxin on food security, health, and economics in Kenyan Peanuts: A Systematic Review

Aflatoxin contamination presents a significant threat to food security and public health in Kenya, particularly in relation to Arachis hypogaea (peanuts), a staple source of protein and income for many households. This systematic review examines the multifaceted issues associated with aflatoxins in peanuts, encompassing their nutritional benefits, health risks, and economic ramifications. Aflatoxins, toxic metabolites produced by fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, jeopardize human health, contributing to conditions like aflatoxicosis and liver cancer, particularly affecting vulnerable populations. In Kenya, the prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts is exacerbated by high humidity and inadequate post-harvest practices, leading to diminished product quality and significant health hazards. Despite regulatory measures, such as the maximum allowable aflatoxin levels established by the Kenya Bureau of Standards, many contaminated products continue to enter the market, highlighting gaps in enforcement. The economic burden of aflatoxin contamination is profound, with losses attributed to health care costs, decreased productivity, and rejected crop sales, particularly impacting smallholder farmers. It is estimated that the agricultural sector incurs billions in losses, emphasizing the urgent need for effective educational initiatives and improved agricultural practices. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, this review emphasizes the importance of enhancing public awareness and implementing robust food safety measures to mitigate aflatoxin risks. Ultimately, addressing these challenges is critical to improving nutritional outcomes, safeguarding health, and promoting economic stability in Kenya's agricultural landscape.