Open-source offline-deployable retrieval-augmented large language model for assisting pancreatic cancer staging

Abstract Purpose Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in radiology, but key challenges remain, including data leakage from cloud-based systems, false outputs, and limited reasoning transparency. This study aimed to develop an open-source, offline-deployable retrieval-augmented LLM (RA-LLM) system in which local execution prevents data leakage and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) improves output accuracy and transparency using reliable external knowledge (REK), demonstrated in pancreatic cancer staging. Materials and methods Llama-3.2 11B and Gemma-3 27B were used as local LLMs, and GPT-4o mini served as a cloud-based comparator. The Japanese pancreatic cancer guideline, written in English, served as REK. Relevant REK excerpts were retrieved to generate retrieval-augmented responses. System performance, including classification accuracy, retrieval metrics, and execution time, was evaluated on 100 simulated pancreatic cancer cases with CT findings described in English, using non-RAG LLMs as baselines. McNemar tests were applied to TNM staging and resectability classification. Results RAG improved TNM staging accuracy for all LLMs (GPT-4o mini 61% → 90%, p  < 0.001; Llama-3.2 11B 53% → 72%, p  < 0.001; Gemma-3 27B 59% → 87%, p  < 0.001) and mildly improved resectability classification for GPT-4o mini and Llama-3.2 11B (72% → 84%, p  = 0.012; 58% → 73%, p  = 0.006), while the improvement for Gemma-3 27B was not evident (77% → 86%, p  = 0.093). Gemma-3 27B showed performance comparable to GPT-4o mini. Retrieval performance was high (context recall = 1; context precision = 0.5–1), and local models ran at speeds comparable to the cloud-based GPT-4o mini. Conclusion We developed an offline-deployable RA-LLM system for pancreatic cancer staging and publicly released its full source code. RA-LLMs outperformed baseline LLMs, and the offline-capable Gemma-3 27B performed comparably to the widely used cloud-based GPT-4o mini.