Behavior of Micromobility User Towards Different Road Category

The rise of micromobility solutions, particularly e-scooters and e-bikes, is reshaping urban mobility patterns in Malaysian cities. Despite their growing popularity, the behavioral dynamics and safety implications of micromobility users across various road categories remain insufficiently understood. This gap presents a challenge for developing responsive infrastructure and policies that ensure safe integration into existing transport systems. This study aims to examine the behavior, preferences, and safety concerns of micromobility users—focusing on their interaction with four distinct road types: expressways, federal roads, city centers, and residential areas. A mixed-method approach was adopted, comprising two main stages: (i) online surveys to capture user demographics, preferences, and risk perceptions, and (ii) on-site observational studies to assess user positioning, speed, helmet usage, and visibility practices across the selected road categories. The findings reveal notable behavioral differences based on road types. For instance, e-scooter usage was nearly non-existent on expressways, while bicycle users on federal roads and city centers showed a 67% rate of helmet use and a 74% compliance with lighting visibility standards during low-light conditions. In conclusion, the study highlights the urgent need for road-type-specific infrastructure enhancements, reinforced safety regulations, and awareness campaigns tailored to micromobility users. These insights are essential for urban planners and policymakers aiming to foster a safer, more inclusive micromobility ecosystem in Malaysia.