Nanotechnology-Driven Precision Therapeutics: Emerging Strategies for Infection and Cancer Management

Introduction: Infectious diseases are the root cause of approximately thirteen per cent of all documented cancer cases; they also significantly contribute to global cancer rates. The 4 th major recurring cause of cancer in women, the human papillomavirus (HPV) alone, is responsible for 31% of all infection-related malignancies. Nanotechnology for precision therapeutics has shown significant promise in managing major infectious disorders. The unique qualities and capabilities of nanoparticles have been demonstrated in the delivery of antiviral medications, vaccine development, and disease identification. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted by analyzing data from electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. This study examined different kinds of nanoparticles, including lipid nanoparticles, metal-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and protein-based nanoparticles. Mechanism of action of various nanoparticles with the help of passive targeting, active targeting, and enzymatic targeting. In this review, various applications of nanoparticles are included for viral infections, bacterial infections, cancer therapy, and vaccine delivery. Results: Nanotechnology-based approaches demonstrated enhanced precision in the delivery of various medications by improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity. Nanocarriers enabled targeted drug delivery, sustained release, and improved bioavailability in preclinical infectious disease models. Nanotechnology characteristics and size make it simple to penetrate bacterial membranes and target particular enzymatic and biosynthetic pathways. Nanoparticles combat infections in a number of ways. More precisely, they act as natural antibacterial or serve as carriers for an internal antibiotic drug delivery system. These advancements highlighted nanotechnology’s potential to revolutionize infectious disease management through personalized and efficient treatment strategies Discussion: The findings suggest that nanotechnology will be extremely effective in treating infectious disorders as long as research and technological developments continue. With the help of leading-edge technologies such as genomics, computational science, and artificial intelligence, pertinent research is developing quickly for the treatment of infectious disorders Conclusion: Nanotechnology's quick progress has given rise to a multipurpose "Swiss Army knife" instrument for fighting inflammatory and infectious disorders. As adjuvants and vaccine delivery, nanotechnology can boost the immunogenicity of the antigen as well as immune responses while promoting strong humoral and cellular immunity to ward off infection by pathogens. Additionally, nanotechnology can have direct anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogenic effects. It is often used as a drug delivery system to precisely and continuously administer drugs to infection and symptom areas.