Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Case Series from a Romanian Genetics Center and a Review of the Literature

Introduction: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multisystemic genetic disorder characterized by the formation of benign tumors in various organs, including the central nervous system, skin, kidneys, and heart. The diagnosis is based on well-defined clinical criteria, such as those from Schwartz (2007) updated in 2012 by the International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group. The study aims to investigate the clinical, imaging, and molecular characteristics of patients diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis and to explore the correlation between specific genetic mutations (TSC1 and TSC2 genes) and the severity of clinical manifestations. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective longitudinal study of 13 patients diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis, identified in the records of the Bihor Regional Center for Medical Genetics (BRCMG) within the Bihor County Emergency Clinical Hospital from 1984 to 2024. Clinical, imaging, and molecular features were assessed. Patients were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team, including a geneticist, pediatrician, neurologist, psychiatrist, and psychologist. Clinical and imaging data were retrospectively collected from the congenital malformations and genetic disease records of BRCMG Bihor and statistically analyzed. Results: All patients showed clinical and imaging signs consistent with the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. Neurological manifestations were present in 83% of patients, including epilepsy and cognitive delays. Renal lesions were detected in 46% of cases, and dermatological lesions, such as facial angiofibromas, were observed in 69% of patients. Mutational variants identified in the TSC2 gene correlated with a more severe clinical presentation, including severe intellectual disability and treatment-resistant seizures, compared to variants in the TSC1 gene. Conclusions: Our study, although involving a small number of patients, highlights the clinical heterogeneity of tuberous sclerosis and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in patient management. Early diagnosis and ongoing monitoring are essential to improving the quality of life for patients. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of therapeutic interventions and genetic correlations within the studied population.