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The bears of the European steppe: a review
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Bears exhibit marked evolution for Pleistocene Europe. Both lineages are thought to have arisen from etruscan bear U. etruscus in the Early Pleistocene, however their high degree of polymorphism has prevented the establishment of an accepted evolutionary scenario. Isotopic analysis and tooth morphology of fossil brown bear U. arctos suggests that it was an omnivorous opportunist. The deningeri bear U. deningeri represents the spelaean bear of the Middle Pleistocene, sharing certain morphological affinities with brown bear U. arctos (frontal bulge and face; occlusal surface of jugular teeth). Within U. deningeri, several subspecies have been distinguished as evolutionary stages leading to the speciation of the cave bear U. spelaeus, the typical spelaean bear of the Late Pleistocene, which dominates cave fossil deposits. The speloïd lineage might serve as a good chronological marker for Pleistocene stratigraphic levels. There are several morphologically distinct lineages within U. spelaeus “sensu lato”, of controversial taxonomic status. Herbivorous feeding habits for U. spelaeus “s.l.” have been inferred from morphology (tooth, skull, jaw), demographics, and stable isotope analysis. This dietary difference between brown bears and cave bears shows that ecological competition was probably limited between both types. Paleo-genetic studies suggest that cave bears gradually lowered their reproductive rate (between 52,800 and 27,800 y BP) which led to their extinction at the onset of the last glacial maximum. Climatic changes are the main suggested causes responsible for the extinction of U. spelaeus.Les ours présentent une évolution marquée pour l’Europe du Pléistocène. On pense que les deux lignées sont issues de l’ours étrusque U. etruscus au Pléistocène inférieur, mais leur degré élevé de polymorphisme a empêché l’établissement d’un scénario évolutif accepté. L’analyse isotopique et la morphologie des dents de l’ours brun fossile U. arctos suggèrent qu’il s’agissait d’un omnivore opportuniste. L’ours de Deninger U.deningeri représente l’ours spéléen du Pléistocène moyen, partageant certaines affinités morphologiques avec l’ours brun U. arctos (renflement frontal et face; surface occlusale des dents jugales). Au sein d’Ursus deningeri, plusieurs sous-espèces ont été distinguées comme des stades évolutifs conduisant à la spéciation de l’ours des cavernes U. spelaeus, l’ours spéléen typique du Pléistocène supérieur, qui domine les dépôts fossiles des cavernes. La lignée spéloïde pourrait servir de bon marqueur chronologique pour les niveaux stratigraphiques du Pléistocène. Il existe plusieurs lignées morphologiquement distinctes au sein de U. spelaeus «sensu lato», de statut taxonomique controversé. Des habitudes alimentaires herbivores de l’U. spelaeus «s.l.» ont été déduits par la morphologie (dent, crâne, mâchoire), la démographie et l’analyse des isotopes stables. cette différence alimentaire entre les ours bruns et les ours des cavernes montre que la concurrence écologique était probablement limitée entre les deux types. Des études paléogénétiques suggèrent que les ours des cavernes ont progressivement abaissé leur taux de reproduction (entre 52800 et 27800 ans BP), ce qui a conduit à leur extinction au début du dernier maximum glaciaire. Il est suggéré que les changements climatiques sont les causes principales de l’extinction de l’U. spelaeus.
Title: The bears of the European steppe: a review
Description:
Bears exhibit marked evolution for Pleistocene Europe.
Both lineages are thought to have arisen from etruscan bear U.
etruscus in the Early Pleistocene, however their high degree of polymorphism has prevented the establishment of an accepted evolutionary scenario.
Isotopic analysis and tooth morphology of fossil brown bear U.
arctos suggests that it was an omnivorous opportunist.
The deningeri bear U.
deningeri represents the spelaean bear of the Middle Pleistocene, sharing certain morphological affinities with brown bear U.
arctos (frontal bulge and face; occlusal surface of jugular teeth).
Within U.
deningeri, several subspecies have been distinguished as evolutionary stages leading to the speciation of the cave bear U.
spelaeus, the typical spelaean bear of the Late Pleistocene, which dominates cave fossil deposits.
The speloïd lineage might serve as a good chronological marker for Pleistocene stratigraphic levels.
There are several morphologically distinct lineages within U.
spelaeus “sensu lato”, of controversial taxonomic status.
Herbivorous feeding habits for U.
spelaeus “s.
l.
” have been inferred from morphology (tooth, skull, jaw), demographics, and stable isotope analysis.
This dietary difference between brown bears and cave bears shows that ecological competition was probably limited between both types.
Paleo-genetic studies suggest that cave bears gradually lowered their reproductive rate (between 52,800 and 27,800 y BP) which led to their extinction at the onset of the last glacial maximum.
Climatic changes are the main suggested causes responsible for the extinction of U.
spelaeus.
Les ours présentent une évolution marquée pour l’Europe du Pléistocène.
On pense que les deux lignées sont issues de l’ours étrusque U.
etruscus au Pléistocène inférieur, mais leur degré élevé de polymorphisme a empêché l’établissement d’un scénario évolutif accepté.
L’analyse isotopique et la morphologie des dents de l’ours brun fossile U.
arctos suggèrent qu’il s’agissait d’un omnivore opportuniste.
L’ours de Deninger U.
deningeri représente l’ours spéléen du Pléistocène moyen, partageant certaines affinités morphologiques avec l’ours brun U.
arctos (renflement frontal et face; surface occlusale des dents jugales).
Au sein d’Ursus deningeri, plusieurs sous-espèces ont été distinguées comme des stades évolutifs conduisant à la spéciation de l’ours des cavernes U.
spelaeus, l’ours spéléen typique du Pléistocène supérieur, qui domine les dépôts fossiles des cavernes.
La lignée spéloïde pourrait servir de bon marqueur chronologique pour les niveaux stratigraphiques du Pléistocène.
Il existe plusieurs lignées morphologiquement distinctes au sein de U.
spelaeus «sensu lato», de statut taxonomique controversé.
Des habitudes alimentaires herbivores de l’U.
spelaeus «s.
l.
» ont été déduits par la morphologie (dent, crâne, mâchoire), la démographie et l’analyse des isotopes stables.
cette différence alimentaire entre les ours bruns et les ours des cavernes montre que la concurrence écologique était probablement limitée entre les deux types.
Des études paléogénétiques suggèrent que les ours des cavernes ont progressivement abaissé leur taux de reproduction (entre 52800 et 27800 ans BP), ce qui a conduit à leur extinction au début du dernier maximum glaciaire.
Il est suggéré que les changements climatiques sont les causes principales de l’extinction de l’U.
spelaeus.
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