ELECTRONIC MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE AND SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS: A REVIEW

Electronic materials underpin modern electronic technologies and continue to advance computing, communication, energy conversion, sensing, and intelligent systems. Recent progress in materials science has expanded functional electronic materials beyond conventional semiconductors to include two-dimensional materials, wide bandgap semiconductors, perovskites, organic and flexible electronics, and quantum materials. These materials offer distinctive electrical, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties that enhance device performance, improve energy efficiency, and enable new technological functions. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of advanced electronic materials and their emerging applications, with particular focus on 2D nanomaterials for next-generation nanoelectronics, silicon carbide and gallium nitride for high-power and high-frequency devices, perovskites for photovoltaic and optoelectronic technologies, organic and flexible materials for wearable and biomedical electronics, and quantum materials for quantum computing, spintronics, and advanced sensing. Progress reported between 2022 and 2026 is critically examined in relation to material performance, device architectures, manufacturing challenges, commercialization prospects, and sustainability. Comparative analysis indicates that wide bandgap semiconductors are currently the most technologically mature emerging materials. Perovskites and flexible electronics show strong potential despite challenges involving stability, scalability, cost, and environmental impact, whereas quantum materials remain the least commercially and industrially deployed. The review also highlights applications in energy storage and conversion, neuromorphic and artificial intelligence hardware, Internet of Things platforms, wearable technologies, and biomedical electronics. Continued advances in materials engineering, scalable manufacturing, and sustainable design will be essential for accelerating industrial adoption and supporting the transition from rigid silicon-dominated architectures to multifunctional, energy-efficient, and mechanically adaptable electronic systems.