Uncovering the class II-bacteriocin predatiome in salivarius streptococci

ABSTRACT Facing the surge of antibiotic resistance, the medical field has a critical need for alternatives to treat bacterial infections. Among these, the use of bacteriocins, ribosomally-synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria, is considered to be a promising route. In the human commensal Streptococcus salivarius , the production of unmodified class II bacteriocins is directly controlled at the transcriptional level by the quorum-sensing ComRS system. Here, we used an integrated approach combining bioinformatics and synthetic biology to identify novel bacteriocins from salivarius streptococci active against human pathogens. We developed a bioinformatic pipeline that combines conservation of DNA motifs for genetic regulation and features of bacteriocin primary sequences to uncover cryptic class II bacteriocins. Notably, we discovered more than 50 novel bacteriocin candidates clustered into 21 groups from 100 genomes of S. salivarius . Strain-based analysis of bacteriocin cocktails revealed an important diversity restricted to seven distinct loci, probably resulting from bacteriocin intra- and inter- species exchanges. Using in vitro or in vivo production and synthetic biology tools, we showed that most of them are active against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria, including clinically- relevant pathogens. Overall, this work provides a new search-to-test generic pipeline for the discovery of novel bacteriocins in Gram-positive bacteria that could be used in cocktails for broad applications in the food and biomedical fields. IMPORTANCE To survive in highly challenging environments, streptococci have evolved a competence- predation coupling mechanism for genome plasticity. This developmental process is highly regulated at the transcriptional level, masking the predation killing effects in usual laboratory conditions. Here, we present a general strategy that combines bioinformatics and synthetic biology to unveil class II bacteriocins in streptococci. Its implementation to the beneficial species Streptococcus salivarius revealed around 40 class II salivaricin cocktails explained by the plasticity of seven independent loci. Notably, the salivaricin predatiome includes a subtle blend of fratricins, sobrinicins, and broad-spectrum bacteriocins with overlapping activities against a wide spectrum of low-GC Gram-positive bacteria, including notorious pathogens. Furthermore, most of those bacteriocins are predicted to be variants of a common α-hairpin structure, indicating that their mode of action evolved convergently. Finally, the discovery of ca. 50 novel bacteriocins offers perspectives for the rational assembly of potent cocktails active against pathogenic staphylococci, streptococci or enterococci.