4D printing of shape memory polylactic acid/ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (PLA/E-GMA) blends

Abstract In this study, polylactide/ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (PLA/E-GMA) binary blends were prepared via melt blending to investigate their potential for 4D printing. The aim was to enhance shape memory effects (SMEs) and dynamic responses in the printed objects by exploring different compositions, printing parameters, and temporary shapes. Several characterizations were performed, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheological properties, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), impact strength tests, optical microscopy (OM), and evaluation of the SME. The results revealed the successful incorporation of elastomers into the PLA matrix, as confirmed by the chemical reactivity of the PLA/E-GMA blends. The materials showed good processability and printability based on the rheological properties. DMTA analysis demonstrated improved mechanical properties and shape memory behavior in the PLA/E-GMA samples. SEM images exhibited well-dispersed elastomer particles and enhanced interfacial adhesion between the phases. The evaluation of the SME showed that the printed objects could recover their original shape upon stimulation. OM confirmed the influence of printing parameters on layer adhesion. The PLA/E-GMA (50/50) composition was selected for filament production, resulting in a high-quality filament with suitable dimensions and good printability. Overall, the incorporation of elastomers into PLA enhanced the SME and mechanical properties of the printed objects. This research contributes to the advancement of 4D printing using PLA-based materials and opens possibilities for dynamic and responsive structures in various fields.