Deep Learning in Forest Tree Species Classification Using Sentinel-2 on Google Earth Engine: A Case Study of Qingyuan County

Forest tree species information plays an important role in ecology and forest management, and deep learning has been used widely for remote sensing image classification in recent years. However, forest tree species classification using remote sensing images is still a difficult task. Since there is no benchmark dataset for forest tree species, a forest tree species dataset (FTSD) was built in this paper to fill the gap based on the Sentinel-2 images. The FTSD contained nine kinds of forest tree species in Qingyuan County with 8,815 images, each with a resolution of 64 × 64 pixels. The images were produced by combining forest management inventory data and Sentinel-2 images, which were acquired with less than 20% clouds from 1 April to 31 October, including the years 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Then, the images were preprocessed and downloaded from Google Earth Engine (GEE). Four different band combinations were compared in the paper. Moreover, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were also calculated using the GEE. Deep learning algorithms including DenseNet, EfficientNet, MobileNet, ResNet, and ShuffleNet were trained and validated in the FTSD. RGB images with red, green, and blue (PC1, PC2, and NDVI) obtained the highest validation accuracy in four band combinations. ResNet obtained the highest validation accuracy in all algorithms after 500 epochs were trained in the FTSD, which reached 84.91%. As a famous and widely used remote sensing classification satellite imagery dataset, NWPU RESISC-45 was also trained and validated in the paper. ResNet achieved a high validation accuracy of 87.90% after training 100 epochs in NWPU RESISC-45. The paper shows in forest tree species classification based on remote sensing images and deep learning that (1) PCA and NDVI can be combined to improve the accuracy of classification; (2) ResNet is more suitable than other deep learning algorithms including DenseNet, EfficientNet, MobileNet, and ShuffleNet in remote sensing classification; and (3) being too shallow or deep in ResNet does not perform better in the FTSD, that is, 50 layers are better than 34 and 101 layers.