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Boric Oxide, Boric Acid, and Borates
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Often referred to as borates, boron oxide compounds find extensive industrial use. These compounds, in which boron is bonded exclusively to oxygen, are produced on a vastly larger scale than all other classes of boron compounds combined. Global consumption of borates in 2014 was estimated at 2.0 × 106t of B2O3equivalent. Borates are used for the manufacture of many products, such as flat‐screen displays, kitchenware, ceramic glazes and enamels, industrial fluids, high‐strength alloys, personal care and cleaning products, fiberglass insulation, and building materials. Borates are also vital agricultural micronutrients. Important borate mineral resources are the sodium borates kernite and tincal (borax), the calcium borate colemanite, and the sodium calcium borate ulexite, which together account for ca. 90% of industrial borate production. More than 70% of borate production is based in Turkey and the USA, and the remainder primarily in South America and East Asia. Chemical and physical properties of the more important refined and mineral borates are described. The more significant industrial applications of borates are described, and toxicological aspects of borates are reviewed.The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Resources3.Nomenclature4.Boric Oxide4.1.Physical Properties4.2.Chemical Properties4.3.Production5.Boric Acid5.1.Physical Properties5.2.Chemical Properties5.3.Production6.Aqueous Borate Solutions7.Sodium Borates7.1.Sodium Tetraborates7.2.Sodium Metaborate Hydrates7.3.Sodium Pentaborate7.4.Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate7.5.Sodium Peroxoborates8.Calcium and Sodium Calcium Borates9.Lithium Borates10.Potassium Borates11.Ammonium Borates12.Zinc Borates13.Borate Glasses14.Quality Specifications15.Analysis16.Uses16.1.Glasses and Ceramics16.2.Industrial Fluids16.3.Adhesives16.4.Oil and Gas Recovery16.5.Water Treatment16.6.Agriculture16.7.Biocides16.8.Cleaning and Personal‐Care Products.16.9.Fire Retardants16.10.Metallurgy16.11.Gypsum Wallboard16.12.Nuclear Technology16.13.Pulp and Paper17.Economic Aspects18.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Title: Boric Oxide, Boric Acid, and Borates
Description:
Often referred to as borates, boron oxide compounds find extensive industrial use.
These compounds, in which boron is bonded exclusively to oxygen, are produced on a vastly larger scale than all other classes of boron compounds combined.
Global consumption of borates in 2014 was estimated at 2.
0 × 106t of B2O3equivalent.
Borates are used for the manufacture of many products, such as flat‐screen displays, kitchenware, ceramic glazes and enamels, industrial fluids, high‐strength alloys, personal care and cleaning products, fiberglass insulation, and building materials.
Borates are also vital agricultural micronutrients.
Important borate mineral resources are the sodium borates kernite and tincal (borax), the calcium borate colemanite, and the sodium calcium borate ulexite, which together account for ca.
90% of industrial borate production.
More than 70% of borate production is based in Turkey and the USA, and the remainder primarily in South America and East Asia.
Chemical and physical properties of the more important refined and mineral borates are described.
The more significant industrial applications of borates are described, and toxicological aspects of borates are reviewed.
The article contains sections titled:1.
Introduction2.
Resources3.
Nomenclature4.
Boric Oxide4.
1.
Physical Properties4.
2.
Chemical Properties4.
3.
Production5.
Boric Acid5.
1.
Physical Properties5.
2.
Chemical Properties5.
3.
Production6.
Aqueous Borate Solutions7.
Sodium Borates7.
1.
Sodium Tetraborates7.
2.
Sodium Metaborate Hydrates7.
3.
Sodium Pentaborate7.
4.
Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate7.
5.
Sodium Peroxoborates8.
Calcium and Sodium Calcium Borates9.
Lithium Borates10.
Potassium Borates11.
Ammonium Borates12.
Zinc Borates13.
Borate Glasses14.
Quality Specifications15.
Analysis16.
Uses16.
1.
Glasses and Ceramics16.
2.
Industrial Fluids16.
3.
Adhesives16.
4.
Oil and Gas Recovery16.
5.
Water Treatment16.
6.
Agriculture16.
7.
Biocides16.
8.
Cleaning and Personal‐Care Products.
16.
9.
Fire Retardants16.
10.
Metallurgy16.
11.
Gypsum Wallboard16.
12.
Nuclear Technology16.
13.
Pulp and Paper17.
Economic Aspects18.
Toxicology and Occupational Health.
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