Insight into epigenetic modifications and CRSwNP

Epigenetic was identified to closely related to nasal polyp formation in CRSwNP before 18 years ago,epigenetic modifications have gained more attention from researchers owing to their importance role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP and potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment. As regulators, epigenetic modifications (including ncRNA, histone modification and DNA methylation) participate in inflammation and remodeling processes by different signaling pathways through affecting gene expression. In this review, we conclude epigenetic changes in CRSwNP , between ECRSwNP and non-ECRSwNP and CRSwNP with comorbid asthma,and summarize relative signaling pathways.In addition, we review epigenetic changes in response to micro biome factors containing bacterias, virus and environment factors and offer novel epigenetic biomarkers for CRSwNP. Moreover, correlation between clinical presentations and epigenetic changes also is presented. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of studies concerning epigenetic modifications in CRSwNP to help us better understand molecular mechanisms during the development of CRSwNP, and propose some unmeet questions and hypothesis .