Repellent and insecticidal activities of vegetal material against sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae): Systematic review and Metaanalysis.

Abstract Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is widely distributed among humans and animals. Furthermore, it can be transmitted by a bite from an infected female phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae). Chemical control strategies are still regarded as an efficient means of reducing vector-borne disease population density. However vector-borne diseases have become increasingly resistant to synthetic pesticides. Also, insecticides have a negative impact on human health and the ecosystem in general. As a result, ecologically acceptable alternative strategies are more important than ever for the management of disease-spreading vectors. Numerous databases were searched for information on the botanical effects on sand flies (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, CAIRN, and the Cochrane Library). Up until June 2021, 2676 papers were reviewed and analyzed in accordance with PRISMA. A total of 58 plants were investigated, with 303 experiments conducted to examine insecticidal activity and 115 others conducted to investigate the insect repellent properties of medicinal plants against 11 species of sand flies belonging to the genera Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus. The investigation of the influence of natural products on sand fly revealed a wide range of variability, with an I squared over than 80%. Briefly, plant insecticide efficacy was observed in Monticalia greenmaniana (Asteraceae) and Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae). However, Meliaceae, particularly neem oil, exhibited the most activity as a sand fly repellent. Concerning sand flies, Lutzomyia Migonis had the most sensitivity to natural insecticides, whereas Phlebotomus Argentipes, P. orientalis, and P. bergeroti were more susceptible to botanical repellents. It's also worth mentioning that while a sand fly is in its egg stage, it's more susceptible to the botanical insecticide than when it's an adult. The research using aerial plants were the most likely to result in mortality. Despite this, during repellency testing, leaves were the most effective. Even though several studies are being performed to assess the efficacy of botanical products against sand flies, few of these research investigations are being conducted in North Africa. As a result, research into the potential of local plants in North Africa to prevent leishmaniasis vectors is becoming important.