Utopian and Dystopian Future Images of Genetic Modification and GMO-Biofuels in Online Discourses

This article examines how contrasting future images of genetic modification and GMO-based biofuels are constructed and circulated online. While GMO biofuels hold potential for sustainable energy production, discussions around them are highly polarized, ranging from enthusiasm for technological possibilities to fears of associated risks. Public attitudes are often context-dependent: genetically modified foods provoke concern, whereas biofuels are generally viewed more favorably due to their indirect health impacts. The study employs a critical futures studies framework and theory-driven qualitative content analysis. Data were collected from international online discussions, including forums, comments, and news article comment sections. Five key thematic areas related to technological futures were identified: energy, food production, nature and environment, health and human enhancement, and ethics and society. Polarized narratives were categorized as utopian (hopeful) or dystopian (fearful and skeptical). Key findings indicate that utopian future images dominate energy and food debates, dystopian future images prevail in discussions of nature and ethics, and health-related discourse shows a balance of utopian and dystopian perspectives. Online platforms amplify emotionally charged, polarized futures, accelerating discussion. The study concludes that online debates not only reflect public attitudes but also actively produce and reinforce polarized future images, which can mobilize participation while increasing social fragmentation. Understanding the emergence and interaction of utopian and dystopian narratives in digital environments is crucial for futures research.