An assessment of various nanoadditives and tribocorrosion with waste cooking biodiesel fueled in a diesel engine

The steady-state coefficient of friction rate of waste cooking biodiesel fuel blends is higher for B90 (18.2%), B60 (7.2%), B20 (16.72%), B10 (30.8%), and diesel (38.77%) than for the B40 fuel blend, and the wear scar diameter of the B40 to B100 fuel blends has a minimal range of 0.5 mm. The flash temperature parameter was the highest for the B40 to B100 fuel blends, and the corrosion rate was the lowest for the B40 and B50 fuel blends. Subsequently, the B40 (40% waste cooking oil + 60% diesel fuel) fuel blend was chosen, along with cerium (25 ppm), zinc (25 ppm), and titanium nanoparticles (25 ppm) as fuel additives. The B40 + D60 + titanium (25 ppm) fuel blend resulted in an improved thermal break efficiency and 3.83% lower brake thermal energy consumption than diesel fuel. The B40 + D80 + titanium (25 ppm) fuel blend resulted in a 2.08% reduction in HC, 36.36% reduction in CO, and 16.25% reduction in smoke emissions, along with marginally higher (8.5%) NOx emissions than diesel fuel. In addition, for the B40 + D80 + titanium (25 ppm) fuel blend, the combustion characteristics of cylinder pressure (58.82 bar) and HRR (66.65 J/deg CA) were the same as those of diesel fuel at peak load.