Dietary Caffeine Intake and the Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Due to Different Metabolic Disorders

Importance:&nbsp;Caffeine intake is considered to be related to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. However, the relationship between caffeine intake and mortality among different populations with metabolic disorders has not yet been studied.&nbsp;OBJECTIVE:&nbsp;Evaluate the relationship between caffeine intake and all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular mortality, and explore the association between caffeine and mortality in different metabolic disorder conditions.<br><br>Design, Setting, and Participants:&nbsp;For this cohort study, information on a nationally representative cohort of 11599 US adults was extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2016, with mortality ascertained through December 31, 2019，with an average follow-up time of 12.34 years. Data were analyzed between January 1 and june 30, 2024.EXPOSURES:&nbsp;To assess the relationship between caffeine intake and mortality risk among individuals with metabolic syndrome and its different metabolic component abnormalities. Restricted cubic spline curve was used to determine optimal cutoff points for caffeine.<br><br>Main Outcome and Measures:&nbsp;The survival outcome were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Mortality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website and linked to the NHANES database using the unique subject identifier.<br><br>Results:&nbsp;Among 11,599 participants followed for the median follow-up time of 9.35 years (108,497.8 person-years), hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality decreased with increasing caffeine intake (Q3, 0.75(0.66,0.86); Q4, 0.70(0.60,0.80); P for trend &lt;0.001) after adjusting&nbsp;for confounding factors.&nbsp;HRs for cardiovascular mortality also decreased with increasing caffeine intake (Q3, 0.60(0.48,0.75); Q4, 0.50(0.40,0.62); P for trend &lt;0.001).&nbsp;Caffeine intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality in all metabolic subgroups. The dose-response relationship indicates that in the general population, the risk of mortality decreases with caffeine intake exceeding 45mg per day, for metabolic disorders individuals 25mg per day.<br><br>Conclusions and Relevance:&nbsp;This study confirmed a negative correlation between caffeine intake and mortality risk. Metabolic disorders individuals those with metabolic syndrome, increased waist circumference, and elevated triglycerides might benefit from reduced mortality risk from non-cardiovascular diseases due to caffeine intake. People with metabolic abnormalities have a lower threshold for caffeine intake that benefits both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.<br><br>Funding: This work was supported by the Shengjing Hospital 345 Talent Program. Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund (Doctoral Research Start-up Project) (2023-BSBA-333)<br><br>Declaration of Interest: We declare we have no conflicts of interest.<br><br>Ethical Approval: MISSING