Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy

Brain dysfunction is a major complication of sepsis and is characterized by alteration of consciousness, ranging from delirium to coma and marked electroencephalographic changes. It reflects a constellation of dynamic biological mechanisms, including neurotransmitter imbalance, macro- and microcirculatory dysfunction resulting in ischaemia, endothelial activation, alteration of the blood-brain barrier impairment with passage of neurotoxic mediators, activation of microglial cells within the central nervous system, cumulatively resulting in a neuroinflammatory state. Sepsis-associated brain dysfunction is associated with increased mortality and long-term cognitive decline, whose mechanisms might include microglial activation, axonopathy, or cerebral microinfarction. There is no specific treatment, other than the management of the underlying septic source, correction of physiological and metabolic abnormalities, and limiting the use of medications with neurotoxic effects.