Philosophy guiding current and future fumigant research.

AbstractFor many reasons, most fumigants have been removed from use. The only two remaining fumigants, phosphine and methyl bromide, have covered most applications for half a century. They have become established fumigants because: 1. they are already registered; 2. their reputation for multipurpose fumigation has been established; that is, they are recognized and accepted by users; 3. they are inexpensive, easy to transport and apply; and 4. fumigation using methyl bromide and phosphine is, in each case, a mature technology, with a large amount of research results, publications and practical experience supporting its usage. However, the widespread use of methyl bromide is being phased out under international agreement due to its ozone-depleting properties. Insect resistance to phosphine has occurred across the world. There is a need for research and development on alternatives to replace methyl bromide and, for resistance management, partly to replace phosphine. Here, I will mainly report on the philosophy guiding our research on alternative fumigants: The era of multipurpose fumigant/fumigation is over, to be replaced by the single purpose fumigant/fumigation. The gap between fumigants and protectants is getting ever smaller. The concepts of naturally occurring fumigants and consumer safety are important. There is an urgent need for international collaboration.