Green Chemistry Approaches in Phytoremediation: A Review

Abstract: Phytoremediation, the use of plants to remediate contaminated environments, has gained significant attention as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to address soil and water pollution. This review focuses on the integration of green chemistry principles within phytoremediation practices to enhance their effectiveness and environmental safety. By harnessing the natural abilities of plants to absorb, stabilize, and degrade pollutants, innovative strategies such as the use of plant co-cultivation, genetic engineering, and the application of green solvents are being explored. Recent advancements in bioremediation techniques leveraging nanotechnology also showcase how green chemistry can optimize phytoremediation processes through the enhancement of plant growth and pollutant uptake. This paper discusses various contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants, while reviewing case studies that successfully implemented green chemistry principles in phytoremediation. Challenges such as the limited uptake efficiency of certain plant species and the need for improved understanding of plant-microbe interactions are critically analyzed. Future perspectives on integrating green chemistry with phytoremediation efforts offer promising pathways for developing more sustainable and effective remediation strategies. Overall, this review underscores the vital role of green chemistry in advancing phytoremediation technologies to mitigate environmental pollution.