Differential Gene Expression in the Tropical House Cricket and Its Iridovirus in Healthy versus Diseased Specimens

Abstract The tropical house cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus , is a mass-produced insect that is used as a protein source for pets and livestock. However, intensive mass-rearing conditions, coupled with high genetic relatedness, create an ideal environment for the spread of pathogenic microbes that severely impact production. Cricket iridovirus (CrIV) is a pathogen that impedes cricket growth and causes significant losses for cricket farmers. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that CrIV is often present asymptomatically, yet the molecular basis of the emergence of disease symptoms remains unknown. To address this, we sampled healthy and diseased crickets and examined differences in cricket and CrIV gene expression via RNAseq. Using differential gene expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis, we found significant differences in host and viral gene expression between healthy and diseased crickets, including genes involved in immunity. Interestingly, while we observed high CrIV gene expression across the entire CrIV genome in sick populations, healthy asymptomatic populations showed elevated expression at a single viral locus. Our results shed light not only on the cricket immune response to CrIV infection but also identify a viral gene that is highly expressed during covert infections, suggesting its potential role in suppressing the host’s immune response. These findings enhance our understanding of how CrIV interacts with our cricket host, providing essential insights for developing targeted strategies to manage CrIV outbreaks in cricket mass-rearing facilities.