The Rubicon

Abstract This chapter examines Julius Caesar’s decision to cross the Rubicon, initiating the Roman Civil War. It explains Caesar’s justification, including the Senate’s suppression of tribunician rights, Pompey’s estrangement, and the “ultimate decree,” while highlighting his own strategic preparation for the invasion of Italy. The chapter explores the growing tensions between Caesar and Pompey, focusing on their conflicting views of power-sharing and Caesar’s distinction between principatus (legitimate leadership) and regnum (tyranny). It portrays Caesar as a defender of the constitution, rallying his troops to protect Rome against what he describes as the selfish ambitions of his enemies. Finally, the chapter reveals how Caesar’s propaganda, Pompey’s overconfidence, and the Senate’s lack of preparation led to widespread panic and set the stage for the collapse of the Republic.